Lubricant



United States Patent LUBRICANT I. L. Lawrence, Robert K. Smith, and Michael J. IPohorilla, Bradford, Pa., assignors to Kendall Refining Company, Bradford, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Application October 9, 1952, Serial No. 313,853

.11 Claims. (Cl. 252-49.6)

ods for the production thereof.

In general, 'organo-boron compounds known in the prior art demonstrate such instability as to preclude commercial acceptance as lubricant additives. Conventional borate esters, in particular, are known to be rapidly hydrolyzed to precipitate substantial quantities of boric acid, and hence are considered infeasible .for use in substantial quantities as additives for lubricants.

#It is a primary object of this invention to provide a method for producing from conventional parafiinic petroleum fractions, novel organo-boron compositions.

.It is a further primary object of the invention to provide novel organo-boron compositions which demonstrate unusual stability when blended with hydrocarbonoil compositions.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide pr gano-boron compositions of a new type which are stable when blended with synthetic lubricating compositions, .including the polyalkylene glycols such as .the polypropylene glycols, polybasic acid esters such as di-.2ethylhexyl sebacate, and the like.

It is an additional object of the invention to provide novel organo-boron compositions which, when added to lubricating compositions of both the mineral oil and the synthetic type, will improve the oxidation or wear characteristics thereof.

It is a further object of the invention to provide lubricant compositions containing the novel organo-boron compositions of the invention.

It is still another object of :the invention to provide novel organo-boron compositions which are useful as additives to improve the performance characteristics of gasoline, diesel fuels, and the like.

It is also an object of the invention to provide novel internal combustion engine fuels containing the organoboron compositions of the invention.

"It is an additional object of the invention to provide a method for enhancing the resistance of organo-boron compositions to decomposition by hydrolysis.

In accordance with this invention, it has been discovered that novel organo-boron compositions can be produced by passing a free-oxygen containing gas through a normally liquid parafiinic petroleum fraction having a boiling point in the range of about 350 F. to about 800 F., maintained at .a temperature within the range of about 305 F. to about 385 F.; there being available for reaction in said fraction from about 1 to about 3 chemical equivalents Of an acid selected from the group consisting of orthoboric acid and -meta-boric acid, per mole of paraflinic hydrocarbon; said .gas being passed through said fraction at a rate requisite to provide not more than about 0.6

cubic feet ofoxygen per hour per gallon of said fraction;

2,721,181 Patented Oct. 18, 1955 "ice H to :produce a crude reaction product containing at least about 0.2% by weight of chemically combined boron.

The above-defined process conditions are critical to the production of organo-boron compositions characterized by the properties required to achieve various of the aforementioned objects of this invention.

It is of paramount importance that an additive form no appreciable quantity of solids, i. e. by sedimentation 'or'hydrolysis, when blended with a lubricant or fuel. The formation of such solids in substantial quantity has 'resulted in the nonacceptance by the industry of many previously known organic boron compositions as additives for lubricants and fuels.

To the end that organo-boron compositions which do not form an excessive quantityof solid materials by sedimentation or hydrolysis may be produced, it is critical to the process of this invention that not more than about -3 :chemical equivalents-of an acid selected from the group consisting of ortho-boric acid and meta-boric acid be available per mole of parafiinic hydrocarbon present in the course .of the oxidation reaction. a it is further critical to the invention that the relative concentration of orthoor meta-boric acid in the reaction mixture not fall below about 1 equivalent per mole .of parafiinic hydrocarbon present in the starting material. The availability to the reaction of a relative quantity of .orthoor meta-:boric acid substantially less than 1 equiv- :alent per mole of paraliinic hydrocarbon present, results in the formation .of a crude reaction mixture containing a quantity of chemically combined boron insufficient for the feasible production therefrom of an organo-boron composition having utility as a lubricant or fuel additive. It is critical to the process of this invention that the reaction mixture obtained therefrom contain at least about 0.2% .by weight of chemically combined boron.

The interaction of hydrocarbon, oxygen, and boric acid in the process of this invention results in the formation of .water. The quantity of water formed is a function of the rate of supply of oxygen to the reaction mixture. :Under the conditions defined for the process of this invention, dynamic equilibria are established between the ortho-boric acid, meta-boric acid, forms of boric anhydride less hydrated than orthoand meta-boric acid, and .boric anhydride per se. Such equilibria maybe genorally indicated by the following equation:

As ortho-boric acid and meta-boric acid are consumed by the reaction, the above equilibria are displaced to the right, and additional quantities of ortho-boric acid or meta-boric acid are made available to the reaction. As the reaction proceeds, all of the boric acid forming materials present in the reaction mixture may ultimately be converted to the orthoor meta-'borate form essential to the process.

It is apparent that the quantity of ortho-boric acid or meta-boric acid available for reaction at any time during the process is a function of the quantity of water present in the reaction mixture, .and hence dependent upon the rate of supply of oxygen to the reaction mixture.

To maintain an adequate concentration in the reaction mixture, of orthoor meta-boric acid available .for ,reaction, it is critical that oxygen be supplied to the reaction mixture at a rate not substantially greater than about 0.6 cubic feet of oxygen per hour per gallon of the parafiinic petroleum fraction employed as a starting .mater'ial.

If oxygen is supplied at a rate substantially greater than the specified critical maximum of 0.6 cubic feet per hour per gallon .of parafiinic petroleum fraction employed as a starting material, water is removed from the reaction mixture and the aforementioned equilibria displaced far to the left.

- volume of organo-boron compositions.

Under such conditions a product is formed which is characterized by excessive sedimentation and hydrolysis when blended with lubricating compositions such as hydrocarbon oils and synthetic lubricants and with fuels. Such compositions are not contemplate by this invention.

Preferably oxygen is supplied to the reaction mixture at a'rate of from about 0.3 to about 0.5 cubic feet per hour per gallon of parafiinic petroleum fraction utilized as a'starting material. The corresponding air rate is a critical maximum of about 3.0 cubic feet per hour per gallon of petroleum fraction utilized as a starting material. Likewise the preferred range of rate of supply The criticality of the upper limit of the rate of supply 7 of free-oxygen of about 0.6 cubic feet of oxygen per hour per gallon of petroleum fraction starting material is evidenced by Figures 1 and 2. In Fig. 1, there is graphically represented the relationship between the rate of supply of free-oxygen in the form of air to the reaction mixture, and the quantity of solids formed by hydrolysis, in a No.'1100 grade aviation oil blended'with 30% by V The No. 1100 grade aviation oil was a blend of phenol extracted materials and bright, stock (obtained from Pennsylvania) and meeting Federal Specification MILL6082A.

I The organo-boron compositions employed in the oil blends were crude organo-boron compositions obtained from the reaction mixtures in which they were formed by distillation of the lower boiling components of the filtered reaction product to a temperature of about 300" -F. at'an average pressure of about 2 mm. of mercury.

The degree of hydrolysis was determined by'exposing .the atmosphere for twenty-eight days under proper precautions to,exclude the introduction 'of foreign materials. At the termination of the twenty-eight day test period, the oil blend samples were filtered through sintered glass fibers of medium porosity and the residua so obtained were washed with 150 cc. of naphtha to remove occluded oil. The residua were then dried and weighed and the degree of hydrolysis as weight percent of the original oil blends was calculated.

g It will be observed from an examination of Fig. 1 that the character of the product obtained changes rapidly as the rate of supply of air exceeds substantially the critical upper limitof about 3.0 cubic feet perhour per gallon of petroleum fraction starting material. The products formed at rates of air supply appreciably in excess of about 3.0 cubic feet per hour per gallon of petroleum fraction starting material demonstrate progressively increasing and substantially greater hydrolysis than the products formed by the methodo'f this invention. Such hydrolytically unstable products are thereforenot suitable as additives for lubricating oils, and are not contemplated by this invention. V

In Fig. 2 there is graphically represented therelationship between the volume percent of sedimentation formed in blends of No. 1100 aviation oil containing about by volume of the crude organo-boron compositions of the type described with reference to Fig. 1. It will be observed by reference to Fig. 2 that there are produced organo-boron compositions which demonstrate a progressively increasing and excessive degree of sedimentation when the rate of supply'of air to the reaction mixture substantially exceeds the critical upper limit of about 3.0 cubic feet of oxygen per hour per gallon of paraffinic petroleum fraction starting material.

Such compositions Y are not contemplated by this invention, and are not useful.

From such readings the volume percent of sedimentation was determined.

The data reflected by Figs. 1 and 2 were all obtained from oxidation reactions conducted at a temperature of about 355 F. with reaction mixtures in which there were about 2 equivalents of orthoor meta-boric acid available per mole of parafiinic hydrocarbon present. Analogous results are obtained as the relative concentration of orthoboric acid or meta-boric acid, and the temperature, are varied within the limits required by this invention. Such variations in reaction conditions effect some shift in the A specific location of the curves on the graphs.

The charge stock utilized. in developing Figs. 1 and 2 was a white mineral oil having a C-16 to C-17 molecular weight range. This charge stock Was characterized by a flash point of 275 F., a fire point of 300" F.,- a viscosity at 100 F. of 39.6 S. U. S., a viscosity at 210 F. of 31.0 S. U. S., a cloud point of 28 F., a distillation range of 523 F. to 703 'F., and a density of 20 C. of 0.8014."

Figs. 1 and 2 demonstrate that the compositions pro duced in accordance with the method of this invention are' characterized by properties which distinguish them in kind from-compositions obtained by supplying oxygen to the reaction mixture at a rate substantially in excess of 0.6 cubic feet per hour per gallon of parafiinic petroleum fraction starting material.

Elemental analyses demonstrate'that the products of the process of this invention are substantially lower in molecular Weight and of different molecular structure than products obtained by supplying oxygen to the oxidation reaction mixture at a rate substantially in excess of the upper limit critical to this invention. These facts are evidenced by data recorded in Table I. 7

TABLE I Reaction Conditions:

Air Rate, S. C. F. PI/gal. oil V 4. 50 2.25 1 2.25

. Boron: Hydrocarbon Mole Ratio" 0.33 0.33 0.33 Temperature, F 355 355 325 Elemental Analysis:

Percent Oarbou- 72. 53 75. 15 74. 99 Percent Hydrogen 11. 55 12.03 12.02 Percent. Boron 2. 36 1. 1.83' Percent Oxyaeu (hv difi'erencc 13. 56 10. 87 11.16

Observed Molecular Weight 691 612 530 Percent Non-Boron Oxy-C pnunds The data appearing in Table I indicate that predominant" products of this invention may be represented by the formula RO,B( OX 2 R0 OX For both of the foregoing formulae the symbol R represents an alkyl group and X represents either a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group. The specific nature of the alkyl groups is dependent upon the starting materials and reaction conditions utilized. The products of this invention are, accordingly, most accurately defined bytheprocess by which they areformed. a b As a consequence of the aforementioned equilibria between .the various borie acids and boric anhydrides, there may be employed at the initiation of the reaction boric anhydride or any of the various boric acids, including pyro-boric acid, meta-boric acid, and the like. Boric anhydride and the various boric acids difier only with respect to the degree of hydration. Consequently,.as .the reaction proceeds and water is formed, boric acids less hydrated than orthoand meta-boric acid will be converted to the meta-and orthoform.

A preferred embodiment of the invention entails the utilization as a starting material of a mixture containing from about 50% to about 90% by weight of boric anhydride and about 50% 'to about by weight of ortho or meta-boric acid. Such a combination of boric anhy dude and boric acid functions synerg'istically to substantially increase the yield of the desired torgano-boron compositions, and therefore constitutes a salient feature of this invention. The advantage stemming from the use of a mixture of boric anhydride and orthoor meta-boric acid, within the aforementioned range of relative proportions, is graphically represented by Fig. 3 which shows the relationship between the yield of .organo-boron material and the relative percentage of orthoor meta-boric .acid and boric anhydride.

Significantly, it has been discovered that the boric acid residua resulting from the process of this invention normally constitutes a mixture of orthoor meta-boric acid and boric anhydride in proportions falling within the above specified range. Generally such residua contain from about 70% to about 80% by weight of boric anhydride and about 20% to about 30% of boric acids. An

important aspect of the invention therefore embraces the utilization as starting materials of such boric acid or boric anhydride residua for the formation of additional organoboron compositions from fresh charges of paraffinic hydrocarbon starting material.

It is further critical that the process of this invention be effected at a temperature within the range of about 305 F. to about 385 F. If the lower temperaturelimit of about 305 F. is not observed the resulting reaction is long-delayed, due to an apparent induction period in which no organo-boron compounds are produced. The reaction mixture resulting from the practice of the invention at a temperature below the specified minimum of 305 F. furthermore contains substantially less thanabout 0.2% by weight of chemically combined boron and hence is entirely beyond the purview of this invention. It is critical to the process of this invention that there be obtained a crude reaction mixture containing at least about'0.2% by weight of chemically combined boron, to the end that a product may be obtained which is of value as a lubricant and fuel additive.

The upper temperature limit of about 385 F. is essential to obtain a practical yield of organo-boron materials, of the type with which this invention is concerned. At temperatures appreciably in excess of 385 F., significant quantities of such organo-boron composition are not obtained. The preferred temperature range is from about 340 F. to about 365 F.

Under the conditions specified for the process of this invention, the reaction requisite to form the desired organo-boron materials is normally completed in about five to about ten hours. It is essential that the reaction be not unduly extended for the reason that exhaustively oxidized mixtures yield organo-boron compositions which demonstrate excessive sedimentation and hydrolysis and which therefore are unsuitable as additives for lubricants and fuels. It has been determined that the rate of absorption of oxygen decreases markedly at approximately the same point in the reaction that the quality of the organoboron composition begins to be adversely effected by excessive oxidation. The proper end-point of .the reaction is therefore determinable by observation of the rate of absorption of oxygen to note the point at whichsuch rate markedly decreases. When air is utilized as the source of oxygen, it has been determined that the reaction is advisedly interrupted when the oxygen in the exit gases approximates 5% by volume.

' It has further been determined that the rate of absorp 'tion of boron decreases simultaneously with the rate of absorption of oxygen and is a further criterion .of the proper end-point of the reaction. Therefore frequent observation of the boron content coupled with gas yses requisite to determine the rate of oxygen absorption, permits termination of the reaction at the proper endpoint.

Free-oxygen may be supplied to the reaction mixture either as the essentially pure elemental gas or in admixture with any desired inert gas. For obvious economic reasons, air preferably is employed. In some cases it has proved desirable to preheat the air or other source of free-oxygen prior to supplying the same to the reaction mixture in the process of this invention. Preheating of the air to a temperature of from about 160 F. to about .210 F. has proved beneficial.

The process of this invention is preferably carried :out in a cylindrical vessel. It has been determined that in such .vessels it is highly desirable that the reaction mixture conform toa liquid clepth/ area ratio of at least about 2, to the end that a maximum yieldof the desired products may be obtained. in such cylindrical vessels it has been discovered that if the liquid depth/area ratio falls substantially below 2, the yield of the desired material decreases with great rapidity. The term area as herein employed refers to the cross-sectional area normal to the cylindrical axis.

Conventional oxidation catalysts are preferably employed in the process of the invention. Such catalysts includmanganese naphthenate, manganese stearate, copper, cobalt, :and nickel naphthenates, and the like. If desired, the process of this invention :can be practiced without a catalyst.

The starting materials useful in the production of the ,orgauo-boron compositions of this invention must be selected .not only on the basis of the yield of organoboron compositions produced, but also in view .of the fact that there must be obtained an .ultimate product which will not unduly increase the pour point of the lubricants or fuels to which the product may be added. In general, normally liquid mineral oil soluble paraflins having a boiling point in the range of about 350 F. to about 800 F. may be employed. Those skilled in the art will well appreciate that solid, wax type materials may be expected to yield solid products less desirable as lubricant or fuel additives. Preferably the starting materials utilized in .the process of the invention embrace paraffinic petroleum fractions boiling from within the range of. about 500 F. to about 600 F. -If separation of the organeboron materials is desired, it is further preferred that fractions having 'an over-all boiling point range of not more than about F. .be utilized to facilitate therecovery and purification of theorgano-boron compounds suitablelfor blending in lubricants and fuels.

Essentially pure .parafiins have been discovered to give the greatest yield of the desired products. To this end, it is desirable to remove substantially completely from the charge stocks such aromatics as may be present. Naphthenes and olefins are also desirably removed from the charge =stock prior to utilization in the process of this invention. Recovered, unoxidized charge stock from-previousruns, in accordance with the method of the-invention, maybe utilized as a starting material .either per -se or'subsequent to a light earth or acid treatment. An ideal charging stock is one characterized by molecular weight suflicientlyhigh that the crude reaction mixture will .contain a suflicient yield of borates and have such volatility characteristics that .no distillation thereof will be necessaryprior to utilization of the reaction mixture as alubricant. Such a crude product would be characterized 'bya viscosity in .the light oil range and would not necessitate excessive concentration.

' fuel additives.

fo r this purpose. Such crude organo-boron compositions normally boil at a temperature above the boiling range of they charge stock utilized, and hence unreacted charge stock may be removed by the distillation process. p In some instances, it is desirable or preferable to hydrolyze the crude organo-boron compositions of the invention Withwater or aqueous alkali to produce alcohols.

Generally speaking,.such hydrolysis may be effected in conventional manner by subjecting the crude organoboron compositions to the action of water or aqueous alkali at a temperature of from about 50 F. to about 300 F. for a period of from about 0.5 minute to about 120 minutes. The preferred aqueous alkalis are aqueous solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metal hydroxides,

' particularly sodium hydroxide in a concentration such that the pH falls within the range of from about to about 14. V r V V I 3 It may be desirable in some instancesto purify by distillation, the alcohols obtained by hydrolysis and'thereafter reesterify the purified alcohols with boric acid to produce purified" boron compositions useful as fuel or lubricant additives. Conventional procedures for effecting esterification of alcohols with boric acid maybe em ployed. It has been determined thatsuch esterification maydesir'ably be effected by treating the alcohols with boric acid or boric anhydride at a temperature of from about 50 F. to about 300 F. Normallyesterification is completein from about 0.5 minute to about 120 minutes;

It has'been discovered that thepresence ofweakly basic inorganic compounds in small amounts in the reaction mixture of the process of this invention will result in the ultimate production of organo-boron compositions of improved sedimentation characteristics; Materials useful for this purpose, in general, are those which form saturated aqueous solutions characterized'by a pH of between about 7 and about 10. Examples of compounds which may be so employed include aluminum hydroxide, borax and other alkali and alkaline earth metal borates, such as NaHzBOs, NaOBO, Ca(OBO)2, CaHBOa, KHzBOz, and the like.

In general, from about 0. l% to about 5.0% by weight.

of such materials, based on the quantity of parafiinic petroleum fraction utilized, can satisfactorily be employed.

Significantly, the hydrolytic stability of the organo 'boron compositions of this invention may be enhanced by the incorporation therein of organic carbinol compounds (i. e. compounds derived from methanol, CHsOH) and particularly high molecular weight aliphatic alcohols, polyalkylene glycols, and the like. In general,

there may be employed organichydroxy compounds havin'g'from about 2 to 100 carbon atoms which: are soluble in the organo-boron compositions of this invention. In Table 11 there is recorded comparative data showing the effects of theincorp'oration of such organichydroxy materials into aviation oil containing by weight of the -crude organo-boron compositions of this invention produced by the methods described with reference to Figs. 1 and 2. i

TABLE II Effect of organic hydroxy compounds on hydrolytic stability' of organo-boron compositions in 30% by volume concentration in 1100 grade aviation oil 1 Weight Volume Percent Percent of Solids Hydroxy Compound Hydroxy Formed by 7 Com Hydrolypound sis None 0 0.23 Heptadecauol- 1. 0 0. 10 Heptadecan 5. 0 0. 12 Polyethylene Glycol, Mol Wt. 200 1.0 0.09 Polypropylene Glycol Compounds:

Viscosity 210 F., 177 S. U. SE. 1.0 0.05 Viscosity 210 F., 125 S. U. S 1.0 0.10 Viscosity 210 F., 781 S, U. 5. 1.0 0.09 Tetradecanol 1.0 0. 09 Glycerin 1.0 0. 01

1 Of the type described with reference to Fig.1.

i As determined by method described with reference to Fig. 1. 3 Ucon LB 1145 lubricant.

4 Ucou HB 660 lubricant.

5 Ucon 50 HB 5100 lubricant.

A salient feature of the invention therefore embraces the incorporation of such aliphatic organic hydroxy compounds into the organo-boron compositions of the invention, either alone or in conjunction with lubricating oil, fuelsand the like, to impart greater hydrolytic stability thereto. The preferred relative concentration of the organic carbinol compounds to the organo-boron com positions of the invention is from about 1.0% to about 5.0%. by. volume thereof. Preferred organo-boron'com- 7 positions include the polyalkylene glycols including the polyethylene glycols and the polypropylene glycols, .espe cially the polyalkylene glycols and derivatives useful in synthetic lubricants and having viscosities at 210 F. withinthe range of from about 38 S..U. S. to about 800 S. U. S., glycerin, pentarythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, and like hexitols; monohydric paraflin alcohols, particularly those having from 5 to 20 carbon atoms, including amyl alcohol, hexanol, and the various isohexanols, heptanols,.octanols, nonanols, decanols, dodecanols, tetradecanols, octadecanols, alcohols prepared by the methods described in this invention, and the like.

The organo-boron compositions of this invention of both the crude and fpurified type enjoy particular utility as additives to improve the oxidation characteristics of lubricating oils. Of particular significance is the fact that the organo-boron compositions of the invention, per se, demonstrate lubricating properties and in consequence thereof can be used in large relative proportions, up to about 100%, in lubricant blends. erably the organo-boron compositions of this invention are blended in a concentration of about 5% to about 30% by weight with conventional lubricants such as hydrocarbon oils or-synthetic lubricants such as polypropylene glycols and polyesters. 7

It is within the purview of this invention to provide concentrates containing a lubricant and from about 30% to about by weight of the organo-boron compositions of the invention which concentrates may be diluted to V produce. the ultimate commercial products.

Significantly, the crude. organo-boron compositions of this invention demonstrate greater oxidation inhibition characteristics than do the purified organo-boron compositions of the invention, as evidenced by Table III appearing hereinafter. 7

It has been determined that the organo-boron compositions of this invention are surprisin ly more effective as anti-oxidants when incorporated in lubricants containing a substantial proportion of aromatics, than they are when incorporated in lubricants which are more highly refined and which therefore are substantially free ofaromatics. This result is indeed unexpected and remarkable. Re-

fining trends and techniques in the industry in recent years Pref- V i such fuels in concentrations up to about have been directed toward removal of aromatics. Deposit-forming tendencies .of mineral oils are directly related to the degree of refinement, for example, unextracted bright stock forms approximately two and onehalf .times as mush deposit as does 1100 grade aviation oil of the type previously described, in comparative steel strip tests. This relationship is reversed in the presence of the organo-boron compositions of the invention. The less highly refined mineral oil stocks containing the compositions of the invention form substantially less deposit in comparative steel strip tests than do more highly refined oils substantially free of aromatics containing a like relative quantity of the organo-boron compositions of the invention. Furthermore, the less highly refined oil containing the organo boron products of the invention demonstrate markedly less increase in viscosity than do the more highly refined oils containing like amounts of the organo-boron compositions of the invention when the oil blends are subjected to conditions conducive of oxidation.

There is recorded in Table III data representative of the anti-oxidant effect, as evidenced by steel strip tests of both the crude and the purified .organo-boron compositions of this invention when incorporated in the indicated oil stocks in ,a concentration of 5% to 15% by weight. The steel strip tests were carried out by maintaining a steel strip at a temperature of 600 F. in contact with a constant flow of the test oil for a period of six hours, at the end of which time the deposit formation in grams was ascertained by determining the quantity of deposit on the strip, and adding thereto the amount of pentane insoluble material .in the tested oil. The rate of flow of the test oil over the steel strip was 320 grams per hour.

The utility of the organo-boron compositions of this invention as anti-oxidants is of course not limited to hydrocarbon oils of the type represented in Table III. The compositions of this invention are, in like manner, effective with synthetic oils such as polypropylene glycol compositions of the type disclosed in United States patents: 2,425,755, 2,425,845, 2,448,664, 2,457,139, 2,480,185, 2,481,278, and 2,492,955. The compositions are further useful as anti-oxidants in various other types of synthetic oil compositions including the polyester derivatives such as di-Z-ethy'lhexyl sebacate.

It is within the purview of this invention to utilize the organo-boron compositions embraced thereby in conjunction with known additives for lubricants. These .include such materials as sulfurized sperm oil, alkyl :thiophosphates, magnesium alkyl sulfonates, and tricresyl phosphate. Such compositions are illustrated in Table IV. It will be appreciated, particularly with respect to the alkyl thiophosphate and tricresyl phosphate, that the eflfcct obtained may be'synergistic. in nature and does not represent the mere additive efiect *of the compositions blended with the oil.

In Table 'IV'are recorded the results of steel strip tests of No. 1100 grade aviation oil of the type previously described, blended with 15% by volume of purified organo-boron compositions of this invention and also blended with the additional additives as indicated. The steel strip tests and the purified organo-boron compositions utilized were the same as those described with respect to Table III.

The lubricants containing the organo-boron compositions of this invention may be prepared by methods 'well known to the art, such as by agitation of ami-Xture of the lubricant and additive; heatingof a mixture of the lubricant and additive to efiect solution; and other methods known to the art.

The organo-boron compositions of this invention are likewise of marked utility'as additives for internal combustion engine fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuels. The compositions of the invention can 'be employed in Prefer- TABLE 1H Wt. of Deposit Formation (ems-l Quantity of Organo-Boron Composition in Oil (Wt. Percent) 0 5 10 15 1100 Grade Aviation Oil 1.487

plus crude organo-boron compositions. 0.439 0.236 0.220 plus purified organo-boron composi- '0ns 0. 716 0.028 0.435 Extracted Motor Oil Stocks {plus purified organo-boron compositions; 0. 438 Unextracted Motor Oil Stocks 3 plus purified organo-boron compositions 0. 117 Unextracted Bright Stock plus purified or ano-borou comp 0. 515 0.120 94.6 a Unextracted Bright Stock and 5.4% Bright Stock Extract Blend 3. 598

plus purified organo-boron compositions O- 142 Rafiinate Bright Stock 5 pluspurlfied orgauo-boron compo itirms 0.440 74%Rafi1nate Bright Stock plus purified organo-boron comp 1. 020

1 0f the type described with reference to .Figs. 1 and 2.

Extracted motor oil stocks wereprepared by phenol extraction of Pennsylvania neutral stocks and Pennsylvania bright stock; the latter prepared by propane treatment of Pennsylvania residual stocks. The neutral and bright stocks were characterized by the following properties:

7 Neutral Bright Raf- Stock (90% finate) Rafiinate) Vis. at F 173.6 '2100 V25 at 210 F- 44.9 142 100.2 101 Carbon Residue 0. 05 0. 6

3 Unextracted motor oil stocks were composed of Pennsylvania neutra grcks and Pennsylvania bright stock having the following character- Neutral Vis. at 100 F 192.0 2,444 Vis. at 210 F 45.8 151 V. 96. 3 97.0 Carbon Residu 0.08 l. 2

4 Obtained by blending Pennsylvania bright stock with the pheno extract obtained from another sample of Pennsylvania bright stock. The 'bright stock utilized in both instances was the same as that described in footnote 3. The phenol extract bright stock was'characterlzed bytheiollowing physical properties:

Bright stock erlract Vis. at 100 F about 900,000 S. U. S.

at 210 F 981 S. U. S.

I- Carbon residue about 300 9.10

5 Obtained by phenol extraction of Pennsylvania bright stock to a 90% gaiglnageyield. The bright stock was the same as that described in Obtained by phenol extraction of Pennsylvania bright stock too 74% ratlinate yield, and havingthe following physical properties:

1 A commercial thiophosphate anti-oxidant containing 5.8% phosphorus and 9.2% sulfur.

ably the organo-boron compositions are utilized in concentrations up to about 1.0%, based on the total weight of'the fuel. A highly suitable concentration range is from about 0.05% to about 1% based on the weight of the fuel. Specific examples of such fuels include: a conventional straight run gasoline derived from Pennsylvania crude oil having a boiling point range of about 100 F. to about 320 F., containing about 0.5% by weight of the crude organo-boron compositions of the type produced by Example 1; a diesel fuel derived from Pennsylvania crude oil having'a boiling point within the range of about 340 F.

toabout 625 F., containing about 1.0% of the purified organo-boron compositions of the type described in Example 1; a gasoline derived from California crude oil having a boiling point range of from about 100 F. to about 400 F. and containing about 0.75% by weight of the crude organo-boron compositions of the type de- 12 about 0.3% by weight or less of hydrolysis solids, under conditions of test as described above, are acceptable as lubricant additives. About 3.0% by volume is the upper limit of sedimentation solids which may be tolerated.

The product may be converted into a purified organoboron composition by hydrolyzing with alkali and distilling the hydrolyzed product and re-esterifying the so obtained alcohols with ortho-boric acid or boric anhydride.

A blend of about 0.75 by weight of the crude product or the purified product of this example, with 99.25% by weight of gasoline, constitutes an excellent motor fuel which demonstrates reduced pre-ignition and deposit forming tendencies when utilized in an automobile engine.

EXAMPLE 2 7 Example 1 was repeated with the exception that there was employed at the initiation of the reaction a synthetically compounded mixture containing about 90% by weight of boric anhydride (B203) and about 10% 'by Weight of ortho-boric acid (HaBOa).

Crude organo-boron compositions obtained from the reaction mixture so produced, were analogous to those obtained in Example 1 and demonstrated no sedimentation when blended with No. 1100 grade aviation oil. Precipitation of 0.12% by weight of solids by hydrolysis from the oil blend was observed. A blend of about 1.0% of the crude organo-boron composition of this It is within the purview of this invention to prepare blends embodying gasoline, diesel fuels and the like, containing from about 20% to about. 100%, and preferably from to about 90% of the organo-boron compositions of the invention, which concentrates may be diluted to produce an ultimate commercial product containing organo-boron compositions within the previously defined ranges.

It has been determined that fuels containing the organo-boron compositions of this invention demonstrate substantially less tendency to form deposits in internal combustion engine combustion chambers, and likewise is attended by less pre-ignition, particularly in high compression engines. EXAMPLE 1 Approximately 1978.8 grams of paraffinic petroleum fraction, substantially free of aromatics and having an average molecular weight of about 235, a flash point of 275 F., a viscosity at 100- F. of 39.6 S. U. 8., a viscosity at 210 F. of 31.0 S. U. S., a cloud point of 28 F., an actual pour point of 25 F., and'a distillation range of from 523 F. to 642 F., with an end-point of 703 F., a

fldensity at 20 C. of 0.8014, and a refractive index of 1.4456, was placed in a reaction vessel andmixed with a synthetically compounded mixture containing about 75% by weight of boric anyhydide (B203) and about 25% by weight or ortho-boric acid .(HsBOs)'in an amount requisite to provide to the ultimate reaction about 2.0 equivalents'of ortho-boric acid per mole of hydrocarbon starting material. The mixture was heated in the reaction vessel to a temperature of about 355 F. whereupon air was passsed through the reaction mixture at a rate of about 2.25 cubic feet per hour per gallon of paraflinic starting material for a period of about six hours. There was obtained a crude reaction product containing about 0.3 of chemically combined boron.

This 'crude reaction product was distilled at 3 mm. pressure to a maximum temperature of about 166 C. and there was obtained a 21.2% yield based on the parafiinic starting material of a crude .organo-boron product having an average molecular weight of about'587, a viscosity at 210 F. of about 74.7 S. U. S. and an acid number of about 37.0. The product so obtained was subjected to hydrolysis and sedimentation tests of the type hereinbefore described. No appreciable sedimentation was observed. About 0.25 weight percent of solids resulting from hydrolysis were precipitated. Additives forming example with about'99% of the diesel fuel derived from Pennsylvania crude oil and having a boiling point range of about 340 F. to about 625 F. is a superior product.

EXAMPLE 3 substituted for the boric acid-boric anhydride mixture employed in Example 1.

A product analogous to that resulting from Example 1 a was obtained. The crude organo-boron composition was obtained by distilling the reaction mixture at about 5 mm. pressure to a maximum temperature of about 175 C. and was characterized by a molecular weight of 624,- a viscosity at 210 F. of 96.1 S. U. S. and an acid number of 56.0. When subjected to sedimentation and hydrolysis tests in lubricating blends in the manner hereinbefore described, the product formed 1.1% by volume of the oil blend of sedimentation and 0.11% by Weight of hydrolysis products. Approximately 0.5% of the crude" organoboron composition of this invention when blended with about 99.5% by weight of a gasoline containing about 3 milliliters per gallon of tetraethyl lead, forms a superior automobile engine fuel.

EXAMPLE 5 The process of Example 4 was repeated with the exception that the process was carried out at a temperature of about 305 F. for a period of about six and one-half product formed 1.0% by volume of solids by sedimentation and 0.08% by weight of solids by hydrolysis.

EXAMPLE 6 The process of Example 4 was repeated with the exception that the process was carried out at a temperature of 325 F. for a period of about seven hours. The crude product obtained by distilling the reaction mixture at a pressure of 5 mm. to a maximum temperature of about 175 C. was characterized by a molecular weight of 530, a viscosity at 210 F. of 89.4 S. U. S. and an acid number of 58.5. In the previously described sedimentation and hydrolysis tests in blends with lubricating oils, the product of this example formed 1.5% by volume of solids by sedimentation, and 0.16% by weight of solids by hydrolysis.

EXAMPLE 7 The process of Example 1 was repeated with the exception that there was employed in the reaction mixture boric anhydride in an amount requisite to supply 1 equivalent of orthoor meta-boric acid per mole of paraflinic hydrocarbon starting material, and the process was carried out for a period of about six hours.

The crude product obtained by distilling the reaction mixture at a pressure of 3 mm. to a maximum temperature of 165 C. was characterized by a molecular weight of about 612, a viscosity at 210 F. of 90.9 S. U. S. and an acid number of 54.0. This product, when blended with lubricating oils and subjected to sedimentation tests of the aforementioned type, formed about 0.7% by weight of solids by sedimentation.

EXAMPLE 8 The process of Example 7 was repeated with the exception that the process was carried out for about fifteen hours, at 355 F, thus approaching conditions of exhaustive oxidation. The resulting product obtained by distilling the reaction mixture at a pressure of 3 mm. to a maximum temperature of 164 C. when blended with lubricants in the same manner as the product from Example 7, formed 12.5% by volume of solids by sedimentation, thus demonstrating the necessity to avoid exhaustive oxidation of the reaction mixture.

EXAMPLE 9 invention.

EXAMPLE 10 The process of Example 7 was repeated with the exception that there was utilized ortho-boric acid in an amount requisite to provide 6 equivalents thereof per mole of paraflinic hydrocarbon present in the starting material, and the process was carried out for about two and one-half hours. The product obtained by distilling the reaction mixture at a pressure of 5 mm. to a maximum temperature of 175 C. formed 0.65% by weight of solids by hydrolysis when blended with lubricating oils in the manner hereinbefore described.

EXAMPLE 11 The process of Example 7 was repeated with the exception that air was supplied to the reaction mixture at a rate of about 1.06 cubic feet per hour per gallon of paraffinic starting material. The crude product obtained by distilling the reaction mixture at a pressure of 3 mm. to a maximum temperature of 166 C. was characterized by 14 a molecular weight of 453 a viscosity of 210 F. of 53.2 S. U. S. and an acid number of 27.5.

This product, when subjected to hydrolysis and sedimentation tests in lubricating oil blends of the aforementioned types, formed no appreciable sedimentation and only about 0.20% by weight of solids by hydrolysis.

EXAMPLE 12 The process of Example 7 was repeated with the exception that in this instance there was employed the boric acid-boric anhydride mixture resulting from a previous oxidation reaction carried out in accordance with the method of the invention. The boric acid-boric anhydride mixture employed was washed with acetone prior to utilization in the experiment described in this example.

The product obtained by distilling the resulting reaction mixture at a pressure of 2 mm. to a maximum temperature of 161 C. was characterized by a molecular weight of 522, a viscosity at 210 F. of 66.9 S. U. S. and an acid number of 33.0.

This product, when blended with lubricating oils and tested in the manner previously described, formed no sedimentation and about 0.26% by weight of the oil blend of solids by hydrolysis.

EXAMPLE 13 The process of Example 7 Was repeated with the exception that an air rate of about 3.33 cubic feet per hour per gallon of parafiinic petroleum fraction starting material was utilized. and the process was continued for a period of about five hours.

A crude 'organo-boron product was obtained by distilling the reaction mixture to an ultimate temperature of 161 C. at 2 mm. pressure. The crude composition was characterized by an acid number of 65, a viscosity at 210 F. of 88.2 S. U. S., and formed about 0.23% solids by hydrolysis when subjected to the aforementioned hydrolysis tests in oil blends.

EXAMPLE 14 The process of Example 7 was repeated with the exception that air was passed through the reaction mixture at a rate of about 4.5 cubic feet per hour per gallon of paraffinic petroleum fraction. The crude organoboron composition obtained from the reaction mixture by distillation to a maximum temperature of 165 C., at 3 mm. pressure was characterized by an acid number of 71.7, and a viscosity at 210 F. of 166.8 S. U. S.

This crude product formed 10.5% by volume of solids by sedimentation and 0.35% by Weight of solids by hydrolysis, when subjected to the previously described tests in oil blends. This example demonstrates the inoperability of air rates substantially exceeding the upper limit hereinbefore described for the process of this invention.

EXAMPLE .15

42 gallons of a parafiinic petroleum fraction, having an approximate molecular weight of 175, a flash point of 180 F., a viscosity at F. of 31.5 S. U. S., a viscosity at 210 F. of 28.5 S. U. 8., showing a kattwinkle loss of 0.0%, was mixed with 5,170 grams of boric anhydride and grams of manganese naphthenate, containing about 6% by weight of manganese. Air was passed through this reaction mixture at a rate of about 3.0 cubic feet per hour per gallon of petroleum fraction, for a period of about four hours. The purified organoboron composition obtained therefrom was useful as an oil additive.

EXAMPLE 16 42 gallons of a petroleum fraction having an average molecular weight of 150, a viscosity at 100 F. of 1.169 centistokes, a boiling range of 367 F. to 439 F., and showing a kattwinkle loss of zero, were blended with about 30 pounds of boric anhydride and 0.25 pound of manganese naphthenate of the type described in Example 15. Air was passed through this mixture at a rate of about 3.0 standard cubic feet per hour per gallon of hydrocarbon, for a period of about seven hours. The reaction temperature was maintained at 310 F. and the 'pressure in the reaction vessel at pounds per square inch guage. The reaction mixture was distilled to remove the lighter fractions and the residue thereby obtained was recovered as the product. This product was hydrolyzed with boiling water. The alcohols released by hydrolysis were removed by distillation. A yield of 12 weight percent of the charge was obtainedin the form of alcohols having 10 to 11 carbon atoms per molecule. The unreacted hydrocarbon recovered from the first distillation step may be again utilized in the production of organo-boron compositions.

Alcohols may be obtained from any of the reaction products described in the examples of this application in like manner. Aqueous caustic, particularly aqueous so- .dium hydroxide, may be availed of'in 'lieu of boiling water to effect hydrolysis of the resulting products.

EXAMPLE 17 2113.2 grams of'a petroleum fraction having an aver- 7 age molecular weight of 352, a flash point of 400 F., a

viscosity at 100 F. of 103.2 S. U. S., a viscosity at 210 F. of 39.6 S. U. S., a cloud point of +4 F., showing a kattwinkle loss of 5.5%, were admixed with 69.7 grams of bon'c anhydride and 2.1 grams of manganese naphthenate of the type described in Example 15. Air was passed through this mixture at a rate of about 2.25 cubic feet per hour per gallon of petroleum fraction, for a period of about seven and one-half hours. By distillation, there may be obtained from the reaction mixture so produced, a crude organo-boron composition useful as a lubricant or fuel additive.

We claim:

1. A lubricant consisting essentially of an oil of'lubricating viscosity containing an organo-boron composition produced bypassing a free-oxygen containing gas through a-normally liquid paraflinic petroleum fraction having a boiling point in the range of about 350 F. to about 800 F., maintained at a temperature within the range of about 305 F. to about 385 F.; there being available in said fraction from about 1 to about 3 chemical equivalents of an acid, selected from the group consisting of ortho-boric acid and meta-boric acid per mole of paraffinic hydrocarbon; said gas being passed through saidv fraction at a rate requisite to provide not more than about 0.6 cubic feet of oxygen per hour per gallon of said fraction; to produce a crude reaction product containing at least about 0.2% by weight of chemically combined boron, said composition being present in an amount suflicient to inhibit oxidation of said oil fraction.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricant is a liquid mineral oil fraction.

3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the lubricant comprises a synthetic lubricating composition.

4. The composition of claim 3 wherein the synthetic lubricant is a polyalkylene oxide derivative.

5. The composition of claim 3, wherein the synthetic lubricant is di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate.

6. The composition of claim 1, containing from about 5% to about 30% by weight of said organo-boron composition.

7. The composition of claim 1, containing fromabout 30% to about by weight of said organo-boron composition.

8. Armineral oil fraction of lubricating viscosity, containing a substantial percentage of aromatic compounds present in the crude oil from which said mineral oil fraction is obtained and an organo-boron composition produced by passing a free-oxygen containing gas through a normally liquid parafiinic petroleum fraction having a boiling point in the range of about 350 F. to about 800 F maintained at a temperature within the range of about 305 F. to about 385 F.; there being available in said fraction from about 1 to about 3 chemical equivalents of an acid, selected from the group consisting of orthoboric acid and meta-boric acid per mole of paraflinic hydrocarbon; said gas being passed through said fraction at a rate requisite to provide not more than about 0.6 cubic feet of oxygen per hour per gallon of said fraction; to produce a crude reaction product containing at least about 0.2%' by weight of chemically combined boron, and distilling the reaction mixture so obtained to remove the lower boiling components thereof, said composition being present in an amount suificient to inhibit oxidation of said oil fraction.

9. The composition of claim 8, containing an organic carbinol compound in an amount requisite to stabilize References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,947,989 Hellthaler et al Feb. 20, 1934 2,160,917 Shoemaker et a1. June 6, 1939 2,526,506 Rogers et al. Oct. 17, 1950 win-J. 

1. A LUBRICANT CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF OIL OF LUBRICATING VISCOSITY CONTAINING AN ORGANO-BORON COMPOSITION PRODUCED BY PASSING A FREE-OXYGEN CONTAINING GAS THROUGH A NORMALLY LIQUID PARAFFINIC PETROLEUM FRACTION HAVING A BOILING POINT IN THE RANGE OF ABOUT 350* F. TO ABOUT 800* F., MAINTAINED AT A TEMPERATURE WITHIN THE RANGE OF ABOUT 305* F. TO ABOUT 385* F.; THERE BEING AVAILABLE IN SAID FRACTION FROM ABOUT 1 TO 3 CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS OF AN ACID, SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ORTHO-BORIC ACID AND META-BORIC ACID PER MOL OF PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBON; SAID GAS BEING PASSED THROUGH SAID FRACTION AT A RATE REQUISITE TO PROVIDE NOT MORE THAN ABOUT 0.6 CUBIC FEET OF OXYGEN PER HOUR PER GALLON OF SAID FRACTION; TO PRODUCE A CRUDE REACTION PRODUCT CONTAINING AT LEAST ABOUT 0.2% BY WEIGHT OF CHEMICALLY COMBINED BORON, SAID COMPOSITION BEING PRESENT IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO INHIBIT OXIDATION OF SAID OIL FRACTION. 